Most bank exams have at least 3-5 questions dedicated to the syllogism. If one knows the right approach, this can be your high scoring section.
Here, we will look at solving Syllogism using the Venn Diagram approach along with a few solved examples.
A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more premises (also called propositions) that are asserted or assumed to be true.
The conclusion asserts no more than what is already contained, implicitly, in the premises. If it does, the syllogism is invalid.
An important thing to be kept in mind is that one has to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts.
A premise is a statement which comprises of two terms; a subject and a predicate, connected by a relation.
If another premise contains one of these terms (known as the common term), we can deduce a relation between the non-common terms.
There are four types of premises.
All A are B
The general representation of this premise is as shown below:
But there may be a case where A=B, then also this premise is true.
No A are B
This premise is represented as:
Some A are B
It can be depicted as:
The shaded portion denotes the premise.
NOTE: Looking at this general representation, one may perceive that if ‘some A are B’ then ‘some A are not B’.
But the following cases can also imply ‘Some A are B’:
– All B are A.
– All A are B.
– A and B are identical.
We can see that in the case where
(i) A is a subset of B or
(ii) A=B,
the premise ‘some A are not B’ does not hold true.
Some A are not B
This premise can also be represented as
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Venn diagram method is an effective and precise method to solve syllogism problems.You can follow the below steps to answer them:
Now we shall look into some examples of solving syllogisms by Venn diagram method which will help understand the topic better.
Example 1:
Statements:
Some reds are crows.
All crows are yellows.
All yellows are rabbits.
Conclusions:
I. All crows are rabbits.
II. Some yellows are reds.
III. Some reds are rabbits.
Solution:
From the first statement, some reds are crows. This can be represented as:
Next statement says all crows are yellows. So the circle ‘yellow’ must engulf ‘crow’.
Next we have all yellows are rabbits. So the circle ‘rabbit’ engulfs ‘yellow’.
This is the standard representation of all the statements taken together.Now we shall check the conclusions based on this representation.
Conclusion I: All crows are rabbits
From the diagram, we can see that the circle ‘rabbit’ engulfs the circle ‘crow’. So conclusion I follows.
Conclusion II: Some yellows are reds
We can see that the circles ‘yellow’ and ‘red’ intersect each other. So conclusion II also follows.
Conclusion III: Some reds are rabbits
We can see that the circles ‘rabbit’ and ‘red’ intersect each other. So conclusion III also follows.
Hence all of the given conclusions follow.
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Example 2:
Statements:
All cars are bikes
Some bikes are ships
All ships are planes
Conclusions:
I. At least some planes are bikes.
II. Some bikes are cars.
III. All planes are cars is a possibility.
Solution:
From the given statements, the standard diagram can be drawn as:
From this, we can say that conclusions I and II follow, but III does not.
But we can have another representation of the given statements as below:
Here all conclusions follow.
Conclusion III says all planes are cars is a possibility, it does not mean that it has to be definitely true. So, even if we have a single case where all planes are car, the conclusion follows.
Hence all the conclusions follow.
NOTE:
1. The conclusion ‘At least some A are B’ is true if ‘some A are B’ or ‘all A are B’.
2. A conclusion containing words like ‘possible’ or ‘possibility’ is true if it holds true for any of the possible scenarios.
If there is one such conclusion, try all the possible cases and check if any of the case the conclusion is true.
Example 3:
Statements:
Some cameras are laptops.
Some laptops are phones.
Some phones are tablets.
Conclusions:
I. At least some tablets are cameras
II. There is a possibility that all tablets are laptops
III. No tablet is a laptop
Solution:
From the given statements, the standard diagram can be drawn as:
According to this diagram, conclusion III follows.
But there’s a conclusion with the word ‘possibility’.So we’ll check if any such case is possible.
In that case, the diagram would look like:
But in this case, conclusion III does not follow.
Thus either conclusion II or conclusion III follows.Thats it.!!
We hope the diagrams & explanations might help you remember the methods involved to solve syllogism questions during the exams.
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